These analyses suggest a favourable impact of liraglutide on VEGF and SDF-1ɑ levels compared with sitagliptin

These factors may therefore be implicated in the differential cardiovascular effects observed between these agents in large cardiovascular outcome trials. However, these are secondary analyses from a previous trial and thus hypothesis-generating. Purposive trials are required to examine these findings further.Linagliptin potentiates the effect of l-dopa on the behavioural, biochemical and immunohistochemical changes in experimentally-induced Parkinsonism: Role of toll-like receptor 4, TGF-β1, NF-κB and glucagon-like peptide 1.Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the effect of different doses of linagliptin with or without l-dopa/Carbidopa on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine METHODS: Eighty Balb/c mice were divided into 8 equal groups: Control; MPTP; MPTP + l-dopa/Carbidopa; MPTP + linagliptin 3 mg/kg/day; MPTP + linagliptin 10 mg/kg/day; MPTP + Carboxymethyl cellulose; MPTP + l-dopa/Carbidopa + linagliptin 3 mg/kg/day and MPTP + l-dopa/Carbidopa + linagliptin 10 mg/kg/day. Striatal dopamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), antioxidant enzymes, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), receptors of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), mitochondrial complex I activity, catalepsy and total swim scores were measured.

Also, the substantia nigra was subjected to immunohistochemical examination.RESULTS: The combination of l-dopa/Carbidopa and linagliptin in a dose-dependent manner resulted in significant improvement of the behavioural changes, striatal dopamine, antioxidant parameters, Nrf2/HO-1 content, GLP-1, ATP and mitochondrial complex I activity with significant decrease in striatal RAGE, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-10, TLR4 and alleviated the immunohistochemical changes better than the groups that received either l-dopa/Carbidopa or linagliptin alone.CONCLUSION: The combination of l-dopa/Carbidopa and linagliptin might represent a promising therapeutic modality for management of parkinsonism.Comparison of Hormonal Response to a Mixed-Meal Challenge in Hypoglycemia After The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.CONTEXT: Exaggerated postprandial incretin and insulin responses are well documented in postbariatric surgery hypoglycemia (PBH) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

However, less is known about PBH after sleeve gastrectomy (SG).OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare meal-stimulated hormonal response in those with METHODS: We enrolled 23 post-SG (12 with and 11 without PBH) and 20 post-RYGB (7 with and 13 without PBH) individuals who underwent bariatric surgery at our institution. PBH was defined as plasma glucose less than 60 mg/dL on 4-hour mixed-meal tolerance test (MTT).  Pancreatic hormones and other blood sugar regulating drugs  and incretin hormones were compared RESULTS: Participants (N = 43) were on average 5 years post surgery, with a mean age of 48 years, mean preoperative body mass index of 48, 81% female, 61% White, and 53% post SG. Regardless of PBH, the SG group showed lower glucose, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses to MTT and similar insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses compared to the RYGB group. Among those with PBH, the SG group following the MTT showed a lower peak glucose (P = 2), a similar peak insulin (90 mU/L vs 171mU/L; P = 8), lower glucagon (P < 1), early GLP-1 response (AUC0-60 min; P = 1), and slower time to peak GIP (P = 2) compared to PBH after RYGB.CONCLUSION: Among individuals with PBH, those who underwent SG were significantly different compared to RYGB in meal-stimulated hormonal responses, including lower glucagon and GLP-1 responses, but similar insulin and GIP responses.

Future studies are needed to better understand the differential contribution of insulin and non-insulin-mediated mechanisms behind PBH after SG Endocrine Society.  glp 1 agonist  reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: The melanocortin-4 receptor is expressed in enteroendocrine L cells and regulates the release of peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide 1 in vivo.School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Denmark; Danish Diabetes Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Denmark; Diabetes and Obesity Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark.